The October 7 attack has profoundly impacted Israel’s political and social life. Although the initial shock brought a sense of unity, the country’s deep-rooted divisions have not been erased, and today Israel’s internal fractures have only deepened. Society remains increasingly polarised. The government’s tensions with both the military-security establishment and the judiciary continue to mount. The course of action pursued by the government risks affecting the stability of an already fragile institutional balance, raising questions about the resilience of the country’s democratic foundations. This session explores the key internal challenges and shifts shaping Israel’s political and social dynamics. What kind of country is likely to emerge from this prolonged crisis? How can the rift between society and political leadership be bridged? How can the country’s multifaceted society find common ground to foster unity and cohesion? And what are the implications for the future of Gaza and of the entire Palestinian issue?